The Technology
We have discovered how to make plasma toroids, called EST's (Electron Spiral Toroid's) that remain stable in air with no magnetic fields for containment. This EST can be added to well-known fusion technology to build small fusion reactors with no magnetic containment. We accelerate EST's magnetically. We plan to collide two EST's together to cause fusion reactions.

The colliding EST fusion reactor has several potential advantages over other fusion reactors. First, it needs no external magnetic fields for containment, a great advantage in cost and size. Second, EST's are small, so the process can occur in small increments, avoiding the need for a large container of heated plasma. Third, the EST is charge neutral and so has ion densities many orders of magnitude greater than ion beams. To find out more, contact us.

Ball Lightning
The EST discovery resulted from a search for the ball lightning solution. We reviewed the published information on ball lightning, and found little guidance from the published materials since nothing explained how to duplicate ball lightning. Seward's experimental approach was to create a lightning event in the laboratory, then to look for conditions that produce a ball lightning analog. Based on this, Seward created lightning events that produced EST's in 1992.

Explaining the EST's turned out to be much more difficult than making them. Plasma physics in 1993 could not explain EST's (or ball lightning). Seward brought the first EST single particle model to Chen in 1993 at MIT. The result is a paper by Chen, Pakter, and Seward that derives the physics of an EST, and was published in the October 2001 "Physics of Plasmas." In addition, Seward and Chen published a paper in 2001 explaining ball lightning as an EST. Click below for PDF versions of these papers. The figure at the right is a schematic of the EST based on the theory. The electrons travel in parallel orbits primarily in a poloidal direction, that is, orthogonal to the circumference of the toroid. This motion creates a collective internal magnetic field. An EST has electrons spiraling in parallel paths, creating an internal B field. The toroid is self-organized, that is, the electrons form a surface and ions are trapped internally in sufficient numbers to neutralize the space charge of the electrons. A small restoring force is required to stabilize the EST, and atmospheric pressure provides it.

Nasa Review
Recently, our technology was peer-reviewed in a paper sponsored by NASA. EPS welcomes such constructive criticism of our work as it generates ideas and ultimately assists us in our overall efforts. EPS has addressed the issues raised in the NASA report, and has admitted where EPS was in error. After this process, EPS remains convinced that we have the correct model to explain our laboratory phenomenon, and that Chen's October 2001 paper confirms this.

Research Papers and Publications

• Equilibrium and Stability Properties of Self-Organized Electron Spiral Toroids
  C. Chen, R. Pakter & D. C. Seward, October, 2001
• Ball Lightning Explained as a Stable Plasma Toroid
  C, Seward, C. Chen & K. Ware
• BMDO Update, Winter 2001-2002
• NASA Report on EPS Technology
  Jean-Luc Cambier and David A. Micheletti, MSE Technology
• EPS Response to NASA Report
  D. C. Seward